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Representation of identity varies from system to system. The use of roles is becoming a widely studied topic. Bishop [111] discusses implementation of role accounts using standard UNIX account mechanisms. McNutt [687] presents requirements and procedures for implementing roles to manage UNIX systems. Sandhu and Ahn [876] extend the UNIX group semantics to include hierarchies.
Ellison explores methods of identifying a principal through relationships to others [327] and the meaning of a name [328]. Saltzer [866] lucidly discusses the issues and principles that affect naming on the Internet. Several RFCs discuss schemes for naming hosts and other principals on the Internet [41, 65, 445, 446, 706, 1029].
Several cryptographic protocols allow information to be broadcast anonymously. The best known such algorithm is Chaum's "Dining Cryptographers Problem" [186], in which the goal is to determine if one of the dining cryptographers paid for the meal (without revealing which one), or someone else did. Waidner and Pfitzmann [1030] point out that Chaum's solution could be disrupted if one of the cryptographers lies, and present an algorithm (called "The Dining Cryptographers In the Disco") to detect it.
Chaum [185] first described digital cash. Okamoto and Ohta [786] list desirable properties for digital cash systems and present a protocol that meets them. Other protocols include Brands' protocol [144], electronic checks [187, 189], CAFE [130], and NetCash [693]. Smart cards can carry digital cash [29, 188, 190], and some European banks are using this technology [388, 661]. Von Solms and Naccache note that the untraceability of digital cash makes solving certain crimes more difficult [946].
Bacard [51] discusses the basics of remailers. Mazières and Kaashoek [668] describe a type 1 remailer in operation. Cottrell [237] cites the Cypherpunk remailers, and a discussion on the Cypherpunk mailing list, as the inspiration for the development of Mixmaster remailers. His discussion of attacking Mixmaster and remailer sites [238] is perceptive. Engelfriet (also known as "Galactus") [330] presents technical details of anonymity on the Web.
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